The incorporation of traditional Japanese instruments in a Western orchestra began in the early 20th century, and Toru Takemistsu and Minoru Miki had contributed concerti and other symphonic works for koto, shakuhachi, and biwa. Lately, Western composers, such as Elizabeth Brown and Robert Carl, learned shakuhachi themselves and wrote some interesting works in Western form. This album honors both approaches. The first piece is by Michiyo Miyagi, originally for koto and shakuhachi and orchestra but via French violinist Renée Chernet in 1932, the shakuhachi part has been transcribed for violin. Some additional material is by James Nyoraku Schlefer. The piece is clearly Japanese in flavor. Schlefer is a shakuhauchi Grand Master of the Mujuan Dojo in Kyoto and has studied with several Japanese masters. His Shakuhachi Concerto (2009), in which he also performs, is scored for strings, harp, and percussion. This is a definite Western composition with the flute timbre of the shakuhachi. From a gentle moody entrance, the first movement develops with rhythmic flourishes and harp flowing and bell-like ornamentation, along with a koto-like arpeggio. The second movement, Crystal Solitude, is unrestrained by beat. As in traditional Japanese style, the shakuhachi opens alone with an improvisation (cadenza); development by harp and strings are influenced by the harmony and drones of gagaku court music. Toward the end of the movement, the score seems to be of a Japanese drama, No or Kabuki, with percussion and silences. The final movement, a rondo, starts out rhythmically with rapid 1-2 1-2 1-2-3-4-5-6 pulses as the flute soars above. The composition ends with pounding drums. As for drama, however, Daron Hagen, an opera composer, takes on the first true novel, the 11th-century Tale of Genji as a Koto Concerto (2011). Genji falls in love with an unseen women by merely hearing her play the koto for many years. The koto here is played by Yumi Kurosawa. Hagen's piece is of five sections with poetic Asian titles, such as Falling Flowers; Floating Bridge of Dreams; and Vanished into the Clouds. It is scored for koto, single winds, two French horns, strings, and marimba. The musical style is largely Western Orientalism with some traditional Japanese idioms of phrasing and meter, the koto itself creating the moods and colors. The fourth section is emotional, with quick energetic flurries amid diffused, dreamy strings and horns. The last movement opens with a sense of resolution and optimism. The United Kingdom's Orchestra of the Swan, Kenneth Woods or David Curtis conducting, ably fashions the East-West synthesis.